We performed a comprehensive search of the published literature in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify types, prevalence, etiology, clinical impact, and current methods for correction of various artifacts in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) images. We found that the prevalence of OCTA image artifacts is fairly high. Artifacts associated with eye motion, misidentification of retinal layers, projections, and low Optical Coherence Tomography signal are the most prevalent types. Artifacts in OCTA images are the major limitations of this diagnostic modality in clinical practice and identification of these artifacts and measures to mitigate them are essential for correct diagnosis and follow-up of patients.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) is a new imaging technique that allows imaging of the retina and optic nerve. It is noninvasive and provides high resolution and rapid image. It is reproducible and has several applications in evaluation of retinal and optic nerve diseases. In this review, principle of imaging technique and application of OCTA in glaucoma detection will be discussed.

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Background: To report the findings of fluorescein Angiography (FA) and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in a patient with malignant hypertensive retinopathy. Case Report: A 41year-old male was referred to our clinic with sudden visual loss in both of his eyes after an acute rise of blood pressure (200/150 mmHg). Optic disc swelling, flame shape hemorrhages especially around the optic disc, arterial narrowing, vessel tortuosity, cotton wool spots, hard exudate deposition, and multiple deep orange spots (Elschnig spots) were visible in both eyes. In the OCTA, disruption in the normal tapering patterns of the superficial and deep capillary plexuses was observed. Elschnig spots were observed as hypointense spots in the choriocapillaris slab. Leakage of the optic nerve head was seen in the FA. Conclusion: When compared with the FA, the OCTA can illustrate the ischemic areas and the Elschnig spots with greater detail.